AL-QADR · 5 verses
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Salah• سميت القدر؛ لتَكرار ليلة القدر فيها، التي ابتدئ نزول القرآن فيها، وهي ليلة مباركة عظيمة القَدْر.
من مقاصد السورة• التنويه بفضل القرآن وعظمته بإسناد إنزاله إلى الله تعالى، والتنويه بفضل وقت نزوله، وبيانُ فضل ليلة القدر في شهر رمضان، وأجرِ العمل الصالح فيها.
[التفسير]إنا أنزلنا القرآن في ليلة الشرف والفضل، وهي إحدى ليالي شهر رمضان.
وما أدراك -أيها النبي- ما ليلة القدر والشرف؟
ليلة القدر ليلة مباركة، العمل الصالح فيها خير مِن عَمَل ألف شهر ليس فيها ليلة قدر. وهو تفضُّلٌ من الله تعالى على هذه الأمَّة.
يكثر نزول الملائكة وجبريل عليه السلام فيها، بإذن ربهم مِن كل أمر قضاه في تلك السنة.
هي أمن كلها، لا شرَّ فيها إلى مطلع الفجر.
Surah Al Qadr, the 97th surah of the Quran, composed of five verses, is one of the shortest surahs but by no means the least in terms of teachings for Muslims, like all the Word of Allah. Indeed, with the revelation of the Quran as its theme, this surah addresses the believers, since its verses concern the virtues of the believers and the honour done to them by Allah during the Night of Al Qadr, even though it was revealed during the Meccan period.
The message of this surah addresses the believers. Allah, Glory and Purity to Him, speaks to the faithful Muslims through its verses, whereas it is revealed in a context where the local audience is disbelieving. Indeed, the Quraish of Mecca were rebelling more and more against the message carried by the Prophet Mohamed, peace and blessings be upon him, and never ceased to attack the Muslims, to deny the prophethood, to the point that it saddened the Prophet.
In this surah Allah, Purity to Him, consoles the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, by revealing to him the secret of the Night of Al Qadr, more commonly called the Night of Destiny, and by the same occasion the worth of the believers in the Eyes of the Almighty.
We also learn in the teachings of the exegetes that in the preceding surah, Al ‘Alaq, the Prophet was attacked by Abu Jahl, one of his uncles and a polytheist, and that Allah told him, in the last verse of that surah, not to be distracted (by the insults and the attacks) and to draw closer to Him.
No! Do not obey him; but prostrate yourself and draw closer. Verse 19 Surah 96 Al ‘Alaq
Allah, with this Surah Al Qadr, makes sure to let the Prophet, full of love and compassion for humanity, know that, in the face of the disbelievers, he will never be in a position of weakness. He reveals to him for this the secret, the honour done to the Muslims of the whole world during the Night of Al Qadr, so that he is not worried and that he continues to transmit his Message (the Quran).
Before seeing what this secret is, there is a strong link between these two surahs, Al ‘Alaq and Al Qadr, which it is good to raise. The last verse ends by saying to « draw closer to Allah », and the verse of the next surah gives us the means to do so : the Quran, which was revealed during the Night of Al Qadr.
In Surah Al ‘Alaq Allah specifies that He is the One who holds Knowledge. He, to Him be the Majesty and the Glory, affirms through His Verses that He knows and that He informs man :
He reveals to the Prophet Mohamed to read : « Read in the Name of the One who created ». Then He reveals to him what He created : « created man from a clinging clot ». Next He informs him with what He, the Most Noble, taught : « by the Pen (Al Qalam) ».
His Word uses affirmations.
In Surah Al Qadr, His address to the Prophet is made with a very important question.
And what will make you know what the Night of Al-Qadr is? Verse 2
With this formulation used for astonishment, as if to ask him « do you realise what the Night of Al Qadr is », He tells him that no one holds this Knowledge, this secret, except Him. Moreover, this formulation, employed several times in the Quran, is different in Surah Al Qadr.
Indeed, each time it is employed elsewhere to emphasise a word, that word is not taken up again in the following verse, which constitutes the answer.
« And what will make you know what the Hutamah is ? » Verse 5 Surah 104
« The kindled Fire of Allah » Verse 6 Surah 104
The Hutamah is not taken up again to answer.
Except for Laylatul Qadr. Allah takes a stylistic form specific to the Night of Al Qadr, so important is it, and it is the only time in the Quran where a word is taken up again in this way in the following verse when there is this question ( « and what will make you know… »).
Finally, in Surah Al ‘Alaq, Allah tells us to read. In that of Al Qadr, He reveals what to read : the Quran!
The first verse begins by speaking of the Quran without clearly naming it. Allah rather uses a pronoun to say that it was sent down. According to the commentators, the word Quran is not employed, as if to imply that the believers' love for the Quran is already there. The sentence has no need of clarifications. They know what Allah is speaking of, because the Quran has already entered their heart, whereas the disbelievers hate it and fight it.
The verbal form Anzalna, in Arabic, to say « to send down » implies that the Quran was sent down all at once, contrary to the verbal form nazzalna, which would have meant to send down in several times, repeatedly. Indeed, the verb is not chosen by chance. The exegetes agree in saying that it is during the Night of Destiny that the Quran was sent down from the 7th heaven to the first, in its entirety, and that from there the Quran was revealed through the intermediary of Djibril (the angel Gabriel), peace be upon him, to the Prophet Mohamed, peace and blessings be upon him, over 23 years.
While many commentators of tafsir and many among the Muslims wonder what the date of the Night of Destiny is, Al Aloosi mentions the beauty of certain details : the surah contains five verses and there are five opportunities (five probable dates) to find the Night of Destiny among the last ten days of the month of Ramadan.
Although many other opinions have been reported, the most prevalent opinion in the Muslim community would be that it is on the night of the 27th day of Ramadan. According to that of Ibn Abbas, using a method of calculating the letters composing the Arabic noun phrase « Laylatul Qadr » (the night of Destiny), the explanation would rest on the fact that there are 9 letters in this noun phrase (in Arabic) and that the latter appears 3 times in Surah Al Qadr (9×3 = 27).
Another exegete, basing himself on the same kinds of calculations, explains this prevalent opinion in the following manner. The surah contained 30 words (in Arabic) and the 27th is Hiya (it is).
The consensus, however, comes together in saying that the Night of Destiny is to be sought in the odd nights of the last ten nights of the month of Ramadan.
The beauty and the advantages of not knowing its precise date reside in the sincere search for this night through prayer and the reading of the Quran. Efforts are to be redoubled during the last nights.
Al Aloosi, for his part, mentions the mercies with regard to the fact of not knowing the exact date of the Night of Destiny as follows:
Al Furaishi wrote in the 4th century a commentary, precise and concise, of Surah Al Qadr. It is a magnificent night during which Allah decrees His Mercy for His intimate friends, the believers. According to him, the sincere worshippers realise during this night the worth (Qadr) that they have in the sight of Allah. (This will also be evoked in the vocabulary part of the word Qadr).
So what does the believer seek ? What does Allah promise him ?
It is in the 3rd verse that we are told that the deed performed during the Night of Destiny, according to the tafsir, is better than that done during 1000 months. A thousand months is the equivalent of 83 years and four months. Far more than the life expectancy in the time of the Prophet Mohamed, peace and blessings be upon him.
Indeed, the Prophet was worried to see his community with a very short life. In his love and his compassion for the people of his Ummah, he feared that some might not have the time to repent or to worship Allah properly.
Allah answers him in His great Mercy that the worship of that night is far better than an entire lifetime, and even more so for that era, spent in worship. This night is not « like » a thousand months, but it is better!
The 4th verse is the longest of the surah. It contains a discourse so precise that it is precise even in its spelling. When in English an abbreviation is used, this takes nothing away from the meaning of the word. Everyone recognises the complete word from its abbreviation.
In Arabic, the meaning differs or rather is amplified.
The complete word to say « to descend » in Arabic is tatanazzalu. When one removes the syllable « ta » which seems to be extra, the meaning is lessened. Indeed, in Arabic, the more a word contains letters, the stronger the meaning or the context.
In Surah 41 at verse 30, Allah says :
Those who say: « Our Lord is Allah », and who hold to the straight path, the Angels descend upon them : « Have no fear and do not grieve; but rejoice in the good news of the Paradise which was promised to you.
In Arabic :
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ قَالُوا۟ رَبُّنَا ٱللَّهُ ثُمَّ ٱسْتَقَٰمُوا۟ تَتَنَزَّلُ عَلَيْهِمُ ٱلْمَلَٰٓئِكَةُ أَلَّا تَخَافُوا۟ وَلَا تَحْزَنُوا۟ وَأَبْشِرُوا۟ بِٱلْجَنَّةِ ٱلَّتِى كُنتُمْ تُوعَدُونَ
The exegetes have said that in this verse it is the Angels who descend upon the believers at the moment of their death and tell them not to be afraid. And how many times a day can we say that a believer dies? Every day, Angels thus descend to welcome the death of the believers, hence the complete form of the word « to descend » which is kept here to amplify the intensity of the context.
Whereas in Surah Al Qadr, here, it is a question of the Angels who descend during the Night of Al Qadr. How many times do they descend in that case? Once a year during this noble night. This is why the abbreviated form is used by Allah, to Him be the Glory, in this Surah Al Qadr.
Nothing is left to chance in the Word of Allah. It is one of the many orthographic miracles of the Quran.
Moreover, it is another precision that is noted by the scholars of tafsir in verse 4 of this surah.
The Angels are always mentioned with a verb of movement, such as « descend », « ascend », whereas that of the Spirit, Djibril, is always mentioned with a verb that designates his station in the heaven, immobility. The Angel Djibril thus descends to Earth only for the revelation. Moreover, even when the Spirit, Djibril, is evoked with the Angels in the same verse, he is always cited first to signify his rank in the sight of Allah, and with a verb of station once again.
Surah 78 Verse 38 « The Day when the Spirit and the Angels will stand in rows… ».
He is associated with Immobility, but there in Surah Al Qadr, he descends with the Angels during the Night of Destiny because he is the Angel of the revelation of the Quran. It is an additional honour for the believers that the Angel Djibril descends to Earth during this noble night. This surah teaches us the honour that Allah does us each year by sending down, by His Permission, Djibril and the Angels with him.
« By the Permission of their Lord… » means that the Angels ask Allah's Permission to descend to meet the believers and greet them during the Night of Destiny.
« It is peace and greeting until the appearance of the dawn ». Verse 5
Mujahid, in his explanation of the surah, says that it is a night during which men do not engage in anything evil.
Ibn Kathir explains this verse by saying that the battalions of Angels spend the night travelling over the Earth to convey the Salam to the believers.
Several explanations are given for the meaning of the word Qadr, which gives its name to the surah.
Qadr means :
It is a night of blessings that the believers of the whole Earth seek with fervour.
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